Bronchial Asthma: Symptoms, Risk Factors & Its Management

Bronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory condition affecting millions across India. It is characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making breathing difficult. Despite its prevalence, asthma remains underdiagnosed and misunderstood. As a pulmonologist, I frequently see patients suffering unnecessarily due to a lack of awareness about the symptoms of asthma, asthma triggers, and proper asthma management.

Symptoms of Asthma

The main symptoms of asthma include:

• Wheezing (a whistling sound during breathing)
• Shortness of breath or breathlessness
• Chest tightness
• Persistent cough, especially at night or early morning

These symptoms vary in intensity and may sometimes lead to a severe asthma attack that can be life-threatening.

Common Asthma Triggers

Knowing and avoiding asthma triggers is crucial for control. Common triggers include:

• Air pollution (especially in cities like Delhi and Ghaziabad)
• Dust and dust mites in bedding and carpets
• Seasonal pollen and allergies
• Pet dander
• Tobacco smoke and passive smoking
• Viral respiratory infections
• Sudden cold air or weather changes
• Exercise-induced bronchospasm

Risk Factors for Asthma

The major risk factors for asthma include:

• Family history of asthma or allergies
• Presence of other allergic conditions like eczema or hay fever
• Early onset of asthma in children or teens
• Living in urban areas
• Occupational exposure to dust, smoke, or chemicals

Asthma Diagnosis

Asthma diagnosis involves:

• A thorough medical history and physical examination
• Spirometry to measure lung function
• Use of a peak flow meter to monitor symptoms at home
• Allergy testing to identify environmental asthma triggers

If you have asthma symptoms more than twice a week or experience night-time symptoms more than twice a month, it’s time to consult an asthma specialist.

Asthma Treatment and Management

Effective asthma treatment includes both medications and lifestyle changes:

• Controller medications: Inhaled corticosteroids or combination inhalers used daily to prevent symptoms
• Reliever medications: Fast-acting inhalers like salbutamol for quick symptom relief
• Avoiding triggers: Use air purifiers, avoid dust and smoke, and limit allergen exposure
• Asthma Action Plan: A personalized plan for daily treatment and emergency response
• Vaccinations: Annual flu and pneumococcal vaccines to prevent infections that can trigger attacks

Lifestyle Tips for Asthma Management

Support your asthma management with these lifestyle choices:

• Practice breathing techniques like Pranayama and Buteyko
• Follow a healthy, balanced diet
• Stay active with safe, moderate exercise
• Quit smoking to improve lung function

When to Seek Emergency Care

You should seek urgent medical help if you experience:

• Severe breathlessness
• Inability to speak full sentences
• Bluish lips or fingernails
• No relief after using a reliever inhaler

These are signs of a dangerous asthma attack that requires immediate intervention.

Conclusion

Bronchial asthma is not a limitation but a manageable condition. With early asthma diagnosis, consistent asthma treatment, and trigger avoidance, most patients can lead full, healthy lives. Don’t ignore breathing issues—consult a qualified asthma specialist and take control of your health.