HPV and Cervical Cancer: Understanding the Connection and Importance of Vaccination

Cervical cancer remains one of the most common cancers among women worldwide, yet it is also one of the most preventable. A major breakthrough in this area has been the understanding of its link with a virus known as Human Papillomavirus (HPV).

By knowing how HPV contributes to cervical cancer and how vaccination can prevent it, women can take proactive steps to safeguard their health.

This article explores the connection between HPV and cervical cancer, the importance of screening, and how HPV vaccination can play a vital role in cervical cancer prevention.

What Is HPV?

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of more than 100 related viruses. Some types cause common skin warts, while others infect the genital area. Among these, a few “high-risk” HPV strains are directly linked to several cancers — especially cervical cancer in women.

HPV is transmitted primarily through skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. Most sexually active individuals are exposed to HPV at some point in their lives, but in most cases, the body’s immune system clears the infection naturally.

However, when a high-risk HPV infection persists, it can cause changes in cervical cells, which, over time, may develop into cancer.

How Does HPV Lead to Cervical Cancer?

The cervix — the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina — is lined with cells that can undergo abnormal changes when infected with high-risk HPV strains. The most common high-risk types are HPV 16 and HPV 18, which together cause about 70% of cervical cancer cases.

Here’s how the process typically unfolds:

1. HPV infection occurs through sexual contact.
2. The virus infects the cells of the cervix.
3. In most women, the immune system clears the virus within two years.
4. In some, the infection persists and begins to cause cell changes (called dysplasia or precancerous lesions).
5. If left untreated, these abnormal cells may develop into cervical cancer over several years.

This long progression means there’s a wide window for early detection and prevention through screening and vaccination.

HPV Infection and Its Myths

There are several misconceptions around HPV, which can lead to unnecessary fear or stigma. Let’s address a few:

• Myth 1: Only women get HPV.
  Fact: HPV affects both men and women. Men can carry and transmit the virus, even without symptoms.
• Myth 2: HPV infection always leads to cancer.
  Fact: Most HPV infections are cleared by the immune system. Only persistent infections with high-risk strains may lead to cancer.
• Myth 3: HPV vaccination is only for girls.
  Fact: HPV vaccination is recommended for both boys and girls to prevent infection and transmission.
• Myth 4: HPV vaccine promotes early sexual activity.
  Fact: Studies show no link between HPV vaccination and changes in sexual behaviour. The vaccine is purely preventive.

The Role of HPV Vaccination

The HPV vaccine is a safe and effective way to prevent infection with the high-risk HPV types that cause cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases, including some anal, throat, and genital cancers.

Who Should Get Vaccinated?

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Government of India recommend HPV vaccination for:

• Girls aged 9–14 years (ideal age group, before sexual debut).
• Catch-up vaccination can be given up to 26 years of age for women and men who missed earlier doses.
• Some adults above 26 may also benefit, depending on risk factors — but this should be discussed with a doctor.

At Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, specialists offer counselling and vaccination guidance to help families make informed decisions about HPV vaccination for adolescents and young adults.

Types of HPV Vaccines

There are a few types of HPV vaccines approved globally and available in India:

1. Cervarix – Protects against HPV types 16 and 18 (responsible for ~70% of cervical cancers).
2. Gardasil – Protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18.
3. Gardasil 9 – Covers nine HPV types, including the high-risk ones causing most cervical and other genital cancers.

These vaccines are administered as two or three doses, depending on age and type.

Effectiveness of HPV Vaccination

Studies have shown that HPV vaccines are over 90% effective in preventing infection from high-risk HPV types. Countries with widespread vaccination programmes have already seen a dramatic decline in HPV infections and cervical pre-cancers.

It’s important to note that the vaccine works best before exposure to HPV—hence, it is most effective when given in adolescence.

However, even for older women, vaccination can still offer benefits by reducing the risk of future infections.

HPV Vaccination and Screening – A Combined Approach

While HPV vaccination provides excellent protection, it does not eliminate the need for regular cervical cancer screening.

Screening detects precancerous changes in the cervix before they turn cancerous. Common tests include:

• Pap smear test: Detects abnormal cell changes in the cervix.
• HPV DNA test: Identifies high-risk HPV infections directly.

Women should begin screening from age 25 or 30, depending on guidelines, and continue at recommended intervals.

At Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, both Pap tests and HPV DNA testing are available as part of comprehensive women’s health check-ups.

Is the HPV Vaccine Safe?

Yes, the HPV vaccine has been extensively studied and is considered very safe. Reported side effects are mostly mild and temporary, such as soreness at the injection site, low-grade fever, or fatigue.

Millions of doses have been administered globally with excellent safety records. The benefits of vaccination far outweigh the minimal risks.

Addressing Cost and Accessibility

Many parents and patients worry about the HPV vaccine cost. While the price may vary depending on the vaccine brand and healthcare facility, it’s essential to view it as a long-term investment in health.

Vaccination helps prevent not just cervical cancer but also reduces the need for costly treatments later in life.

Additionally, India’s national immunisation programme is in the process of expanding HPV vaccination to reach girls aged 9–14 years at no cost in many regions.

Hospitals such as Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, can guide families on availability, scheduling, and any applicable health packages for HPV vaccine in Delhi.

Other HPV-Related Cancers

Although cervical cancer is the most recognised outcome of HPV infection, the virus can also contribute to:

• Anal cancer
• Vulvar and vaginal cancers
• Penile cancer in men
• Oropharyngeal (throat) cancers

Vaccination therefore offers broad protection for both women and men, reducing overall HPV-related cancer burden.

Living Healthy After HPV Infection

For women already diagnosed with an HPV infection or cervical abnormalities, lifestyle changes can support better outcomes:

• Quit smoking, as it increases cancer risk.
• Eat a balanced, antioxidant-rich diet.
• Maintain a healthy weight and regular exercise routine.
• Keep up with regular follow-up appointments and screenings.

Even after infection, the body can often suppress HPV naturally, and with early detection, precancerous changes are treatable and reversible.

The Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh Advantage

As a leading centre for cervical cancer prevention and treatment in Delhi, Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh offers:

• Expert gynaecologic oncologists specialising in HPV-related conditions
• Advanced colposcopy and biopsy facilities
• Comprehensive HPV testing and vaccination services
• Individualised treatment plans for precancerous or cancerous lesions
• Awareness sessions on women’s reproductive health and vaccination benefits

The hospital’s integrated approach ensures that prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment are seamlessly delivered under one roof.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. Can HPV infection be cured?
Most HPV infections are cleared by the immune system naturally within two years. Persistent infections may require monitoring and treatment of precancerous changes.

Q2. How early should HPV vaccination be given?
The ideal age is between 9 and 14 years, but it can be given up to 26 years or beyond after consulting a doctor.

Q3. Can vaccinated women skip Pap smears?
No. Regular screening remains essential even after vaccination to ensure complete cervical cancer prevention.

Q4. Can the HPV vaccine be given during adulthood?
Yes, after medical advice. Adults up to 45 years may receive it based on their risk profile.

Conclusion

The connection between HPV and cervical cancer highlights how much power women have to prevent this disease. With vaccination, regular screening, and awareness, cervical cancer can be drastically reduced—even eliminated in the future.

By taking proactive steps today, women can protect themselves and future generations from a largely preventable cancer.

At Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, specialists offer comprehensive care—from HPV vaccination and screening to advanced treatment for cervical pre-cancer and cancer—ensuring expert guidance at every step.

To know more about HPV vaccination and cervical cancer prevention, visit Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, or consult our women’s health experts.